Ten-sqúat-a-way, The Open Door, Known as The Prophet

	Ten-sqúat-a-way, The Open Door, Known as The Prophet, Brother of Tecumseh, 1830 Shawnee oil 29 x 24 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr.

The Prophet: Younger brother to the famous Tecumseh, Ten-sqúat-a-way (known as the Shawnee Prophet), had a vision inspiring him to travel the prairie encouraging people to refuse European American culture as figured in products (alcohol and clothing), and in attitudes (ideas about land ownership).

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OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Ohio History Central: the Prophet

NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Painting by Henry Inman: Tenskwatawa's (The Prophet).

Máh-to-tóh-pa, Four Bears

	Máh-to-tóh-pa, Four Bears, Second Chief, in Full Dress, 1832 Mandan/Numakiki oil 29 x 24 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr.

Four Bears: Cordial to exploring European Americans, this Mandan chief exchanged artistic ideas and techniques with his portrait painters, Karl Bodmer and George Catlin. It is said that he died of smallpox brought up river by sailors on a steamboat, a plague that decimated the Mandan tribe.

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JOSLYN ART MUSEUM Battle with a Cheyenne Chief

Kee-o-kúk, The Watchful Fox

	Kee-o-kúk, The Watchful Fox, Chief of the Tribe, 1835 Sac and Fox oil 29 x 24 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr.

Kee-o-kúk: Orator turned war chief, Kee-o-kúk led his people in the Black Hawk War prudently and strategically. He advised his people of the complexity of their situation (in which soldiers were sent to remove Indians from their land), that fighting could lead to disaster, and that fleeing would be giving up their rightful land too easily.

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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS The Bones of Kee-o-kúk Exhumed and Taken to his Namesake City

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY The Black Hawk War of 1832

John Ross

	JOHN ROSS. A CHEROKEE CHIEF from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, ca. 1843 Cherokee McKenney and Hall Charles Bird King copy after hand-colored lithograph sheet: 19 5/8 x 13 3/8 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum

John Ross: The first elected leader of the Cherokee, Ross was educated in non-Native schools. He used his knowledge of the workings of both the Cherokee and United States political system to make the best possible compromise for the Cherokee people with the U.S. Federal Government after the Indian Removal Act.

Use the following links to start your research. Supplement what you find with other information from books or credible websites.

PBS Cherokee letter protesting the Treaty of New Etocha.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS American Memory: scroll down to John Ross

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